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THE 

Vital Statistics of Massachusetts foe 1897, 
WITH A Life Table 

BASED UPON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE FiVE-YEAR PeRIOD 1893-97. 



By Samuel W. Abbott, M.D., Secretary of the Board, 



^^'' 



IVIAY 23 m 



=^The Vital Statistics of Massachusetts for 1897, 
WITH A Life Table based upon the Experience 
OF the Eiye-tear Period 1893-97. 



The following brief digest embraces the vital statistics of the 
State for the year 1897, to which has been appended a life table, 
constructed mainly from the State census of 1895, and the mor- 
tality of the years 1893, '94, '95, '96 and '97. 

Population. 

The assumed population in 1897, based upon the rate of increase 
from 1890 to 1895, was 2,613,023. Assuming the rate of increase 
of each sex to have been the same as that of the five-year period 
1890-95, the males were 1,269,556 and the females, 1,343,467. 

The number of registered marriages was 23,038 ; of births, 
73,205 ; and of deaths, 47,419. 

Marriages. 
The total number of marriages was 23,038, and the marriage-rate 
was 8.82 per 1,000 of the living population, or 17.64 per 1,000 
(persons married). The following table expresses the seasonal 
marriage-rate for 1897 and for the period 1876-95 : — 



Marriages by 


Months, Quarters and Half-years. 








Monthly Ratio reduced to a 






Marriages, 
1897. 


Daily Standard of 100. 


30 Years — 










1876-95. 






Months. 


Quarters. 


Half-years. 




January, 


1,738 


89.2 


) 




97.0 


February, 


1.563 


88.8 


\ 79.4 


1 


92.4 


March, 


1,188 


61.0 


) 


54.9 


April 


1,862 


98.8 


) 


J- 96.6 


101.8 


May, 


1,553 


79.7 


\ 113.6 


J 


89.5 


June, 


3,082 


163.5 


) 




126.2 


July, 


1,537 


78.9 


) 




82.1 


August, 


1.607 


82.5 


[ 92.2 


1 


80.1 


September 


2,187 


116.0 


) 


112.0 


October 


2,571 


132.0 




)■ 104.2 


129.4 


November 


2,569 


136.3 


1 116.2 


J 


147.8 


December, 


1,581 


81.2 




89.1 


Total 


23,038 


- 


_ 


- 


_ 


Mean, 


- 


100.0 


- 


- 


100.0 



STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 



Births. 
The living births in 1897 were 73,205, and the birth-rate Avas 
28.02 per 1,000. This rate was less than that of 1896, but greater 
than that of any previous year since 1874, except those of 1892 and 
1893. The birth-rate of the twenty-year period 1876-95 was 25.86. 
The following table expresses the seasonal birth-rate for 1897 and 
for the period 1876-95 : — 

Births by Months, Quarters mid Half-years {1897 and 1876-95). 



Months. 



January, . 

February, 

March, 

April, 
May, . 
June, 

July, 

August, . 
September, 

October, . 
November, 
December, 



Total, 



6,265 
5,634 
6,388 

5,705 
5,665 
5,693 

6,356 
6,708 
6,238 

6,330 
6,015 
6,208 



73,205 



Monthly 


Ratio keddced to a 




8TANDABD OF 100 PEK DAY. 


so Years — 






" 


1876-95. 


Months. 


Quarters. 


Half-years. 




100.8 


1 101.3 




95.6 


100.3 


1 


98.6 


102.7 


) 


98.0 






)■ 97.2 




94.8 


;i 




94.9 


91.1 


\ 93.5 


J 


94.0 


94.6 


S 




98.1 


102.2 


) 




104.1 


107.9 


\ 104.6 


1 


106.6 


103.7 


|i 


104.4 






;■ 102.6 




101.8 


) 


101.3 


99.97 


> 100.6 


j 


101.5 


99.8 


s 




102.7 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 



The order of intensity was as follows, beginning with the month 
having the highest daily birth-rate : August, September, March, 
July, October, January, February, November, December, April, 
June, May. This corresponds fairly with the normal means for the 
period 1876-95, in which the months having the highest daily birth- 
rates were August and September, and the lowest in May. For 
the past forty years the last half of each year has usually had a 
higher birth-rate than the first half, but the difference which existed 
at the early part of the period has gradually been growing less. 

Still-births. — The number of still-births registered w^as 2,652, 
of which number 1,636 were males, 1,005 were females, and the 
sex of 11 was not stated. The ratio of males to females was as 
1,628 to 1,000. The total number of births living and dead was 

75,857. 

Sexes. — Of the total number of living births, 37,689 were males 
and 35,489 were females, being in the ratio of 1,062 males to each 



VITAL STATISTICS. 5 

1,000 females. In this estimate 27 births are excluded, the sex of 
which was not stated. 

The births for the period 1876-95 indicated a ratio of 10.53 
males to 1,000 females. 

Deaths. 
The registered deaths in 1897 were 47,419 and the death-rate 
was 18.15. This was lower than that of any year since 1879, and, 
with the exception of 1878 and 1879, the lowest since 1867. 

Sex. — Of the whole number of deaths, excluding the still-born, 
24,004 were males and 23,415 were females. The death-rate of 
males was 18.91 per 1,000 and that of females 17.39 upon the 
assumed population as stated on page 799. » 

Ages. — The most important factor in the general death-rate is 
the death-rate of infants under one year, which is usually expressed 
as a ratio per 1,000 births, since the census enumeration at the 
early years of life is unreliable. The numbers dying at this period 
are high both absolutely and relatively, while those who die at 
extreme old age are only relatively high in number. For more 
accurate information on this subject the life tables following this 
summary may be consulted. 

The deaths under one year in 1897 were 10,751, which was 
equivalent to a death-rate of 146.9 per 1,000 births. The deaths at 
the next ages of life were as follows: second year, 2,257; third 
year, 1,058; fourth, 744; fifth, 493; and for the two five-year 
periods 5-10 and 10-15, 1,287 and 682. For the death-rates at 
these and later ao-es see life table. 

Infant Mortality. 

In the twenty-eighth annual report of the Board, page 753, a table 
is presented, giving the statistics relative to infant mortality in each 
of the 32 cities of the State for the ten years 1881-90. 

In the following table the figures are presented for the next seven 
years, 1891-97, with two parallel columns, b}^ means of which the 
rank of each city may be compared for the two periods. 

In these two last columns the infant mortality of the State is taken 
as a standard of comparison, or mean of the whole period, the figure 



6 



STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 



100 representing the mean. The results may be read as follows : 
for every 100 deaths of infants under one year old which occurred 
in the State during the seven years 1891-97, there were 165 in Fall 
River, 107 in Boston, 71 in Beverl}', etc. 

Comparing these columns, there appears to have been a diminished 
infantile death-rate in the latter period in the following cities : Bos- 
ton, Lawrence, Salem, Holyoke, Cambridge, Chelsea, Springfield, 
Haverhill, Marlborough, Pittsfield, Worcester, Somerville, Brock- 
ton, Medford, JMalden, Waltham and Beverly, and in the remaining 
cities it was increased. 

The death-rate of the whole urban group was also diminished from 
174.9 per 1,000 births in the entire period to 164.2 in the later 
period. That of the rural group, comprising the remainder of the 
State, remained practically the same (129.5) in both periods, while 
that of the whole State diminished from 160.4 per 1,000 births to 

154.6. 

Infant Mortality of Cities, 1891-97. 









Births. 


Deaths 0-1. 


Infant 
Mortality. 


Rank — THE 


State = loo. 


Cities. 


1891-97. 


1881-90. 


Fall River, . 






20,910 


5,339 


255.3 


165 


149 


Lowell, 






18,397 


4,185 


227.5 


147 


139 


Chicopee, 






4,282 


917 


214.2 


139 


110 


Lawrence, . 






10,788 


2,163 


200.5 


130 


133 


New Bedford, 






12,389 


2,478 


200.0 


129 


111 


Salem, . 






6,574 


1,106 


168.2 


109 


112 


Boston, 






108,139 


17,834 


164.9 


107 


117 


Newbui-yport, 






2,250 


364 


161.8 


105 


95 


Taunton, 






5,031 


788 


156.6 


101 


87 


Holyoke, 






11,609 


1,817 


156.5 


101 


105 


Cambridge, . 






17,038 


2,590 


152.0 


98 


107 


Chelsea, 






6,614 


998 


150.9 


98 


104 


Springfield, . 






10,001 


1,459 


145.9 


94 


98 


Haverhill, . 






5,870 


835 


142.2 


92 


98 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



Infant Mortality oj Cities, 1891-97 — Concluded. 









Infant 


Rank— THE 


State =100. 


Cities. 


Births. 


Deaths 0-1. 


Mortality. 


1891-97. 


1881-90. 


Gloucester, . 






4,654 


655 


140.7 


91 


86 


Lynn, . 






11,473 


1,608 


140.2 


91 


88 


Woburn, 






3,058 


425 


139.0 


90 


79 


Fitchburg, 






6,273 


865 


137.9 


89 


84 


Everett, 






4,057 


552 


136.0 


88 


82 


Marlborough, 






2,958 


400 


135.2 


87 


96 


Pittsfield, . 






3,766 


505 


134.1 


87 


90 


Northampton, 






2,711 


362 


133.5 


86 


86 


Worcester, 






20,659 


2,738 


132.5 


86 


97 


Somerville, . 






9,866 


1,295 


131.3 


85 


96 


North Adams, 






4,600 


600 


130,4 


84 


72 


Brockton, 






5,381 


687 


127.7 


83 


91 


Newton, 






4,847 


600 


123.8 


80 


70 


Quincy, 






4,681 


555 


118.6 


77 


77 


Melrose,* 






1,854 


217 


117.0 


76 


- 


Medford, . 






2,530 


291 


115.0 


74 


81 


Maiden, 






5,667 


650 


114.7 


74 


83 


Waltham, 






3,786 


424 


112.0 


72" 


82 


Beverly, 






1,733 


191 


110.2 


71 


74 


Urban, . 






344,039 


56,493 


164.2 


106 


109 


Rural, . 






132,119 


17,113 


129.5 


84 


80 


The State, 






476,158 


73,606 


154.6 


100 


100 



* The figures for Melrose are introduced to facilitate future comparison, although that 
town had not become a city till after the period embraced in the table. 



From an examination of the statistics of other towns having over 
5,000 inhabitants in each, it appears that the town of Framingham 



8 



STATE BOAKD OF HEALTH. 



had the lowest infantile mortalit}- (95.9) for the seven years, while 
Rockport had the highest (203.3 per 1,000 births). Further ex- 
amination of the record shows that this high infantile mortality in 
Rockport occurred mainly among infants whose parents were natives 
of Finland, who were employed upon the granite quarries in Rock- 
port. 

The following table presents the infantile mortality of the towns 
havino- over 5,000 inhabitants in each (not cities), arranged with 
those having the hio-hest infantile death-rates at the top of the list. 



Infant Mortality of Totons having more than 5,000 Inhabitants in Each (not 

Cities), 1891-97. 

[Deaths (0-1) per 1,000 births.] 



Rockport, . . . . 203.3 


Athol, 130.8 


Stonghton, 






188.2 


Montague, 






129.2 


Palmer, 






171.7 


Peabody, 






128.1 


Ware, 






171.2 


Spencer, 






127.9 


Northbridge, . 






170.7 


Clinton, . 






125.1 


Braintree, 






164.4 


Concord, 






124.6 


Gardner, 






163.2 


Hyde Park, . 






123.7 


Revere, . 






162.1 


Dedham, 






121.5 


West Spi'ingfield, 






159.5 


Oi'ange, . 






120.3 


Southbridge, . 






159.2 


Watertown, . 






118.9 


Grafton, 






154.4 


Stoneham, 






117.3 


Hudson, . 






148.8 


Westfield, 






116.9 


Mill bury, 






147.9 


Franklin, 






112.8 


Wakefield, . 






145.6 


Greenfield, 






112.5 


Milton, . 






145.4 


Natick, . 






109.8 


Webster, 






143.5 


Whitman, 






108.0 


Methuen, 






142.4 


Andover, 






106.2 


Weymouth, . 






140.4 


North Attleboroug 


1, 




105.2 


Marblehead, . 






139.5 


Plymouth, 






104.5 


Arlington, 






138.8 


Rockland, 






103.5 


Adams, . 






137.7 


Milford, . 






103.4 


Winchester, . 






135.4 


Brookline, 






101.4 


Attleborough, 






135.0 


Danvers, 






99.4 


Amesbury, 






134.2 


West borough. 






96.9 


Leominster, . 






134.0 


Middleborough, 






96.8 


Blackstone, . 






133.3 


Framingham, 






95.9 



The total living births which furnished the infantile mortality 
represented in these two periods (shown in the twenty-eighth 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



9 



annual report and in the present report) were nearly 1,000,000 
(985,445), and the deaths under one year were 155,277. 

Seasons of the Year. — The seasonal intensity of the death-rate is 
expressed in the following table. The standard employed for com- 
parison is 100 deaths per day throughout the year. The actual 
number of daily deaths in 1897 was 129.9. 

Deaths by Months, Quarters and Half-years (1897 and 1876-95). 



January, . 

February, 

March, 

April, 
May, . 
June, 

July, . 
August, . 
September, 

October, . 
November, 
December, 

Totals, 
Means, 







189T. 






Deaths. 


Monthly Ratio heducbd to a 
Standard of 100 Deaths per Day. 


20 Years — 










1876-95. 




Months. 


Quarters. 


Half-years. 




4,051 
3,929 
4,730 

4,057 
3,805 
3,291 


100.6 
108.0 
120.2 

104.1 
94.4 

84.4 


S 108.7 
1 94.3 


1 

j. 101.5 

J 


105.0 
100.0 
102.3 

102.1 
93.9 
83.5 


4,254 
4,566 
3,969 


105.6 
113.4 
101.8 


1 107.0 


j. 98.5 
J 


109.3 
120.0 
104.5 


3,808 
3,475 
3,485 


94,5 
89.1 
86.6 


1 90.1 


93.1 

88.9 
96.6 


47,419 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 



By this table it appears that the greatest intensity of the seasonal 
death-rate was in March and in August and the least was in May 
and June, in 1897, while the highest in the twenty-year period 
(1876-95) was in July and August and the lowest was in June and 
JSTovember. 

Causes of Death. 
In the following table are presented the ten most destructive 
causes and groups of causes of death in Massachusetts for the ten- 
year period, 1888-97, arranged in the order of their intensity. 
From this table it appears that the relative intensity of consump- 
tion, brain diseases, pneumonia, heart diseases and cholera infantum 
continued very much in the same order throughout the period. 
The only change in the table, as compared with that of 1896, is in 
the last two causes, diphtheria and croup having taken the tenth 
place in the list, instead of the ninth. The total number of deaths 
from these causes was 29,875, as compared with' 31,146 in 1896, a 



10 



STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 



difference of 1,271 in favor of 1897. The deaths from consump- 
tion, brain diseases, heart diseases, cholera infantum, cancer, old 
age and diphtheria were less than those of 1896, while those from 
pneumonia, kidney diseases and bronchitis were more than those 
of 1896 from the same causes. 

In the tables on pages 807-809 are presented the deaths and death- 
rates from fifteen causes of death for the twenty years 1878-97. 
These include the principal infectious diseases, together with cer- 
tain other destructive causes and groups of causes. 

The columns contain the absolute numbers in each case, together 
with the death-rate per 10,000 of the living population and the per- 
centage of the total mortality. 

From this table it appears that the death-rate from small-pox, 
measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever, cholera infantum, 
child-birth, consumption, dysentery and whooping-cough in 1897 
was less than the mean of the twenty-year period 1878-97, while 
that of pneumonia, cancer, heart diseases, kidney diseases and brain 
diseases was greater than the twenty-year mean. 



Mortality from Ten Prominent Causes, 1888-97. 







Deaths. 
1897. 


Rank — 1888-97. 


Causes of Death. 




V* 








a 

OB 

1* 




9 
9) 
ac 

p« 




OB 


Consumption, 
Brain diseases, . 
Pneumonia, . 
Heart diseases, . 
Cholera infantum. 
Kidney diseases, . 
Cancer, 
Old age. 
Bronchitis, . 
Diphtheria and croup, 




5,431 
5,276 
4,796 

3,827 
2,231 
2,017 
1,739 
1,602 
1,530 
1,426 
29,875 


1 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


1 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 

10 
9 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
8 
9 

10 
7 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
7 

10 
8 
9 
6 


1 
3 
2 
4 
5 
8 
9 
6 
7 
10 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
8 
10 
6 
7 
9 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

8 
9 
6 
7 
10 


1 

2 
3 

4 
6 
9 
8 
7 

10 
5 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
9 
8 
7 

10 
6 


1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
9 

10 
6 
8 
7 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



11 



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1,072 
1,079 
860 
875 
768 
800 
922 
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2,383 
1,771 
1,621 
1,646 
1,523 
1,558 
1,628 
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2,214 
1,626 


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STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 



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VITAL STATISTICS. 



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14 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 

A Massachusetts Life Table for the Five Years 1893-97. 

The usefulness of life tables is not confined to the work of life 
insurance. A life table also serves as an index of the sanitary con- 
dition of the community out of whose data it is constructed. 

Life tables difler for the same group of population from year to 
year, and they also difter when calculated from the statistics of 
different portions of a group of inhabitants, as, for example, the 
city of Boston, compared with any of the outlying districts beyond 
its borders. 

The work of constructing a life table for any American State or 
city is necessarily less satisfactory in its results than the work of 
making a similar table for any of the civilized nations or com- 
munities of Europe, since most foreign populations are much more 
stationary than our own. 

The English life tables, compiled by Dr. Farr, which have proved 
universally useful as- standards of good work in this direction, were 
usually calculated from the living population at two successive 
census enumerations and from the deaths occurring in the interven- 
ing period. The factor of migration, however, in an American 
State affects the accuracy of such a calculation ; hence a somewhat 
diff'erent method has been employed in constructing the following 
table, and a shorter period of five years has been selected. Massa- 
chusetts has an advantage not enjoyed by many communities in 
havino; an intervenino; State census five years after the national 
census, and this advantage is especially useful in any State whose 
population is far from stationary. 

The materials selected as the basis of the following table are the 
census of 1895, and the deaths, numbering 240,215, which were 
registered in the State in the five years 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896 and 
1897. The mid-year of this period (1895) was the census year, 
and the census was taken very near the middle of that year (in the 
months of May and June) . The mean annual number of deaths at 
•each age is compared with the population maintained at such age. 

The limitations which affect the accuracy of a life table for Massa- 
chusetts are the following : — 

1. TJie Effect of Migration. — The natural increase of the popu- 
lation, or that which results from the excess of births over deaths, 
has for many years constituted only a portion of the total increase 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



15 



from year to year. The census enumerations of 1890 and 1895 
showed an increase of 261,240, of which number the excess of births 
formed only 36 per cent., the balance, 64 per cent., being the differ- 
ence between the numbers of immigrants and emigrants ; or, in 
other words, the effect of migration exceeded that of natural in- 
crease in the ratio of nearly 2 to 1. 

Moreover, the increment by means of immigration is not uniform 
at the different age periods, fully one-half of the immigrants being 
between fifteen and thirty years of age, while the numbers at the 
extremes of life are comparatively^ small. 

The following table presents the classified material out of which 
the life table is constructed : — 



Population of Massachusetts^ 1895, and Deaths, 1893-97. 













Population, 1895. 


Deaths, 1893-97. 


Age Periods. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


0-5, 








235,647* 


118,453* 


117,194* 


78,779 


42,710 


36,069 


5-10, . 










224,119 


112,296 


111,823 


6,730 


3,345 


3,385 


10-15, . 










202,900 


101,574 


101,326 


3,460 


1,655 


1,805 


15-20, 










225,881 


110,565 


115,316 


6,305 


2,899 


3,406 


20-25, . 










265,983 


123,692 


142,291 


9,982 


4,899 


5,083 


25-35, , 










465,943 


227,630 


238,313 


20,148 


10,103 


10,045 


35-45, . 










341,535 


168,997 


172,-538 


18,832 


9,610 


9,222 


45-55, . 










245,586 


118,417 


127,169 


19,377 


9,895 


9,482 


55-65, . 










157,651 


72,766 


84,885 


22,334 


11,278 


11,056 


65-75, . 










90,088 


41,040 


49,048 


25,561 


12,694 


12,867 


75-85, . 










35,405 


15,460 


19,945 


20,547 


9,675 


10,872 


85-95, 










6,123 


2,180 


3,943 


7,105 


2,713 


4,392 


Over 95, . 










308 


77 


231 


559 


152 


407 


Age unknown. 








3,014 


1,554 


1,460 


496 


378 


118 


Total, 




2,500,183 


1,214,701 


1.285,482 


240,215 


122,006 


118,209 



* The population figures in this line (0-5) were not used in the construction of the life table, but 
the figures employed were estimated from the registered births and the deaths under 5 years of age. 

2. Defects of the Census. — Mr. Henry Gannett, in a paper 
contributed to the "Publications of the American Statistical Asso- 
ciation" (Vol. IV., p. 99), estimates a '' shortage in the census of 
1890 of negro children of about a quarter of a million," and of the 
native white children "about the same." If this be correct, the 
entire shortage or deficiency in the total population, including that 



16 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 

among foreign whites, must leave at least a million unaccounted for 
in the United States. 

A careful examination of the last two census enumerations of 
Massachusetts (those of 1890 and 1895) shows that Mr. Gannett's 
estimate is probably none too large.* 

It is possible to supply the actual deficiency for the first four or 
five years of life, with some degree of accuracy, from the registered 
births ; but beyond this period of life it is hardly practicable to make 
estimates which are of greater value than mere conjectures. 

3. The Practice of incorrectly reporting the Ages of the Living 
and the Dead. — This error is of two kinds : (a) It invariably hap- 
pens that greater numbers of persons are reported at the even ages, 
20, 30, 40, etc. (both of the living and the dead), than at 19, 21, 
29, 31, etc., in consequence of the common habit of using round 
numbers instead of oiving the more accurate ag-es. This is in a 
measure eliminated by employing the periods used in England, 25— 
35, 35-45, etc., instead of 20-30, 30-40. (6) The habit, especially 
noted among unmarried females, of understating the ages of the 
living. This appears to a greater or less degree to be a common 
practice in all countries where census enumerations are made. 

4. Defects in Birth and Death Registration. — These defects, so 
far as Massachusetts is concerned, are probably insignificant, and in 
this respect the material collected by the registration officers o± 
cities and towns compares favorably in its accuracy with that of 
foreign nations and communities having established systems of regis- 
tration. Great pains are taken in most of the municipalities to 
obtain accurate and full returns, since a pro rata fee is allowed to 
the local officers for them ; moreover, the certifiers of births and 
deaths (physicians, midwives and undertakers) are compelled, under 
penalty, to comply with the statutes requiring such returns. 

There is also a comparatively small number of persons included 
in the census whose sex and ages are unknown, and the same may 
be said of the registered deaths, the latter being probably mostly 
deaths of prematurely born infants, and a small number of bodies 
of unknown persons found dead. 

Certain comments and explanatory statements are necessary in 
relation to the construction of the following tables. 

* Mr. E. B. Elliott also assumes an approximate shortage for the first five years of life alone 
of 100,000 in the United States census of 1870. "Volume on Vital Statistics, page 522. , 



VITAL STATISTICS. 17 

The figures for the first five years of life have been compiled from 
the births, and from the deaths which occurred among children under 
five years of age. The census figures for these five years were dis- 
regarded, for the reasons already stated in former reports, and in 
accordance with the common usage in other countries.* 

Dr. Farr says, in regard to this subject: " We can scarcely feel 
surprised to find, in the various censuses of Europe, errors in the 
statements of age, traceable to ambiguities of language. In the 
early years of life these mistakes demand attention, otherwise they 
may lead us into such grave mistakes as we have to notice." These 
well-known defects may be corrected without serious difficulty for 
the first years of life. 

An exact and accurate life table of any population or community 
can be made only by taking a definite number of persons, say 
100,000 or 1,000,000 at birth, and following their life history, 
noting the age of each person at death, until the entire number 
has ceased to live. Such a process is impossible, especially in an 
American community, subject, as it is, to the variable eff'ect of 
migration. 

In view of this manifest impossibility, it is therefore necessary to 
construct an approximate table from such data as are accessible, 
bearing in mind the limitations, to which reference has been made, 
and making such corrections of errors as are customary in the con- 
struction of similar life tables for other communities. Starting with 
a hypothetical 1,000,000 or 100,000 births, this generation of per- 
sons of both sexes may be followed, with a reasonable degree of 
accuracy, to the extinction of the last survivor, at the age of one 
hundred or more, by the application of the rules which it is custom- 
ary to employ. In the case of Massachusetts we have selected the 
number 100,000 as the basis of the table, since this is the largest 
round number near the exact number of annual births in the State. 
The sexes at the time of birth are unequally distributed, the males 
being in the ratio of 51.350 and the females 48.650 out of each 
100,000 born during the period selected for the construction of the 
table. These numbers are therefore taken as the numbers at birth 
of the two sexes, out of the hypothetical 100,000 born. 

In order to eliminate the effects of epidemic years or of abnormal 
conditions existing in the census year 1895, the mean annual deaths 

* Twenty-sixth Annual Report Massachusetts Board of Health, page liv ; also Dr. Farr's 
Vital Statistics, Memorial volume, page 207. 



18 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 

of the five years 1893-97 are employed to obtain the death-rates at 
each year of life. In the English life tables it has been customary 
to estimate the population at the middle of a given year for life-table 
purposes, the census being taken on the first of April. The State 
census of Massachusetts being taken at a time quite near the middle 
of the year, no allowance has been made for the few days elapsing 
between the time of such taking and the mid-year, since such allow- 
ance would at most only afiect the second place of decimals in a 
death-rate expressed as a ratio per 1,000 living of a given age. 
Moreover, the population enumerated in May, near the middle of a 
five-year period, differs much less from the actual mean than that 
which is taken near the middle of a ten-year period, as compared 
with a mean of the two extremes of such period. 

Dr. Billings says, in his introductory remarks in the twelfth 
volume of the tenth census, 1880 (page cxliii) : "The preparation 
for any given locality, race or occupation, in this country ^ of a life 
table which shall accurately represent the tendency to death or the 
probability of survival at each age, is practically impossible, because 
of the want of accuracy in the necessary data, and because of the 
irregular migrations of the population. It should be clearly under- 
stood that all tables of vital statistics, including data derived from 
large numbers of people, even when these are obtained by the most 
accurate census possible, and by the most complete system of regis- 
tration which can be enforced, give probabilities only, and that 
scientific accuracy in this field is practically unattainable." The 
foregoing remarks apply with less force to Massachusetts than to 
the United States as a whole, since our own State has had a system 
of registration in existence since 1842, the results of which may 
now be considered as fairly accurate. Dr. Billings therefore pub- 
lishes an approximate life table in the volume referred to for Massa- 
chusetts and for certain other communities, from such data as were 
obtainable for the census year 1880. 

In the life table on pages 822-826 pains have been taken to 
make it as accurate as possible from the data at hand. The compiler 
is entirely responsible for whatever errors or inaccuracies it may 
contain. 

One hundred thousand infants, followed throughout their first 
year during the period named, in Massachusetts, yield 90,250 years 
of life. To obtain this mean of the infants living throughout the 
first year, the following method was employed : — 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



19 



All of the deaths of infants under one month old which occurred 
in the years 1893-97 were tabulated from the mortality returns in 
the office of the Secretary of State, also those of infants who died 
in the second and the third months of life separately, then those of 
infants who died in the three succeeding months of life (3-6) in 
one group, and then those who died in the succeeding six months 
in another group. From these data, and from the births registered 
in the five years ending with June 30, 1897, the figures for the first 
year of life were calculated after the method shown by Dr. Farr in 
his life table No. 3, page xxiii. 

The foregoing mean, 90,250 (the arithmetical mean of the series 
Zq, ?y^2, ?2/i2 . . . Zj* is used as the first term of column P (see tables 
1 and 2). All of the succeeding terms in the column for the years 
1, 2, 3, 4, etc., are the means of the terms in the preceding col- 



umn L, usins the formula P, 



''x'T- 'x + l 



The total number of persons living under five years of age in the 
State in 1895, as stated by the census, was 235,647 ; but the number 
as calculated from the living births in these years was 294,604, or 
58,957 more than the figures of the census would indicate. No 
allowance is made in this estimate for migration, which would 
slightly increase the diflTerence. The effect of migration at this 
period of life, however, is much less than at later ages, especially 
from fifteen to thirty years. 

Population tinder 5 Years. 



Statb Census op 
1895. 


Calculated from the 

Births and Deaths 

under 5. 


Difference. 


Males, 

Females, . • v^ • . • 


118,453 
117,194 


149,582 
145,022 


31,129 

27,828 




235,647 


294,604 


58,957 



Description of the Tables. 

In tables 1 and 2, column x, ages, presents the ages for each sex 
from birth up to 100 years. 

Column d^ presents the numbers of those dying in each age of life 
for each sex. 



20 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 

Column l^ presents the survivors of each sex, out of 100,000 of 
both sexes, at each age of life, beginning with 51,350 males and 
48,650 females at birth. 

Column P^ presents the population maintained by the numbers in 
column l^. 

Column Q^ shows the aggregate number of years which the per- 
sons at each age in the table will live, until their extinction by death. 

Column ^^ ( r= — ) is the mean future life time of the persons 

living at each age in the table, the expectation of life. 

Column m^, (Table 3), the mortality column, presents the mor- 
tality per unit of the population at each age of life, the figures being 
obtained by dividing the deaths in each age by the population at 
such ages, the proper corrections and interpolations having been 
applied. From this column {m.^) the probability of living at each 

year of age {j:)^) (Table 3) is obtained by the formula ^p,, = ^ — ~ 

2 -f- niy. 

applied to each year of the series. 

Column J^ is obtained by the formula l^ XJ^x — h-i^i^ ^^^ column 

JP^ is obtained by the formula J^JJlJttl. 

What may he learned from these Tables. 

It appears that, out of 100,000 children born alive in Massachu- 
setts in 1895, 16,000, or nearly one-sixth, die before arriving at the 
age of one year ; 78,963, or nearly four-fifths, attain the age of three 
years ; 77,051 survive the age of five years, or 77 per cent. ; 50,126, 
or a little more than one-half, attain the age of fifty-three years ; 
25,406, or a little more than one-fourth, live to the age of seventy- 
two years. 

These figures present very decided differences as compared with 
those which were published for 1855 by Mr. E. B. Elliott (sixteenth 
Massachusetts Registration Report, 1857). In those reports it was 
shown that the numbers dying before the close of the first year out 
of 100,000 born were 15,510, or very nearly the same as those for 
the year 1895 for the same age. At the end of three years the sur- 
vivors were only 74 per cent., instead of 79 per cent., as in 1895, 
and that one-half had died before the close of the forty-first year, 
instead of surviving to the fifty-third, as in 1895. 

In consequence of the fact that the numbers of each sex are un- 
equal at birth, the males continue in greater numbers until the fifty- 



VITAL STATISTICS. 21 

third year, when the greater death-rate of the males has reduced 
their number below that of the females, and the females continue in 
excess throughout the remainder of life. Observing the table more 
closely, it appears that the comparative intensity of the dc ath-rate 
of the sexes varies at different points in the table. For the first five 
years the death-rate of males exceeds that of females. From age 
five to age nineteen inclusive the rate of females exceeds that of 
males, and from age twenty to the end of life the death-rate of 
females is less than that of males. 

In Table 3 are presented two columns in which are shown the 
probability of living one year from each age and the mortality per 
unit of the population at each year. At birth the probability of 
living a year is for males .82569 and for females .84939, that of boys 
at birth being about the same as for men of eighty-six, and that of 
girls about the same as that of women at eighty-six or eighty-seven. 

The probability of living a year is at its highest point for bojs 
at age twelve (.99722), and for girls it is about the same forage 
eleven as at age twelve (.99695 and .99693). 

A comparison of the death-rates of Massachusetts at different 
periods presents certain points worthy of notice. 

The death-rate of children under five and especially of those under 
one year of age has not undergone very marked changes (see table) ; 
but that of all ages from five to forty has very perceptibly dimin- 
ished, while that of ages above forty has increased. This result has 
been produced by the great reduction in the number of deaths from 
infectious diseases, including consumption, which occur in the early 
period of life, from two years up to thirty. By this means a much 
larger ratio of the population than formerly survives to live through- 
out the useful and wage-earning period of life. This causes a ma- 
terial increase in the number of years lived at the later ages of life. 

These persons being spared from the diseases incident to childhood, 
the relative moitality from the diseases of adult life and of old age 
is naturally increased. 

This decided increase in the number of survivors throughout the 
useful ages of life has a marked effect upon the vitality of the popu- 
lation. It is undoubtedly due in no small degree to the increased 
attention which has everywhere been given in the past twenty- five 
years to public hygiene. 

The population of almost any one of the United States differs 
essentially from the more stationary populations of the old world in 
the fact that it is constantly being recruited by the addition of con- 



22 



STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 



siderable numbers of immigrants at the healthy ages of life. These 
additions constitute a selected clasSk, not only on account of their age 
distribution (50 per cent, are between tlie ages of fifteen and thirty), 
but also because many of the weaklings must be left behind, in con- 
sequence not only of their inability to become wage-earners but on 
account of the exclusive action of the immigration laws.* 

One consequence of this? is the comparatively large number of 
persons at the later ages of life, an eflect which has been produced 
by the long continuance of immigration. 



Data for Construction op Diagram of Survivors. 
Table showing Survivors at Different Ages of Life out oj 10,000 born. 



Sweden — f 
1881-90. 



England and 
Wales —J 



Massachu- 
setts— 



Massachu- 
setts — § 

1855. 



Spain— II 
1878-82. 



0, 
1, 
2, 
3, 
4, 
10, 
15, 
20, 
25, 
30, 
35, 
40, 
45, 
50, 
55, 
60, 
65, 
70, 
75, 
80, 
85, 
90, 
95, 
100^ 



10,000 
8,895 
8,586 
8,399 
8,258 
7,882 
7,713 
7,551 
7,338 
7,109 
6,876 
6,628 
6,349 
6,043 
5,687 
5,239 
4,658 
3,900 
2,948 
1,872 
894 
275 



10,000 
8,536 
8,067 
7,878 
7,758 
7,495 
7,423 
7,281 
7,090 
6,844 
6,550 
6,216 
5,839 
5,405 
4,891 
4,275 
3,534 
2,684 
1,786 
970 
388 
100 
14 



10,000 
8,400 
8,054 
7,896 
7,786 
7,487 
7,366 
7,167 
6,906 
6,615 
6,308 
5,988 
5,651 
5,275 
4,821 
4,272 
3,622 
2,869 
2,042 
1,266 
654 
259 
67 



10,000 
8,449 
7,733 
7,424 
7,258 
6,873 
6,726 
6,437 
6,100 
5,748 
5,408 
5,078 
4,748 
4,409 
4,022 
3,597 
3,065 
2,475 
1,833 
1,059 
437 
118 
20.5 
2.2 



10,000 
8,083 
7,060 
6,433 
6,161 
5,747 
5,602 
5,413 
5,164 
4,008 
4,596 
4,378 
4,088 
3,765 
3,381 
2,914 
2,327 
1,666 
997 
465 
149 
40 



* "If on examination there shall be found among such passengers any convict, lunatic, idiot or any 
person unable to take care of himself or herself, without becoming a public charge, . . . such person 
shall not be permitted to land." (Extract from immigration act of Aug. 3, 1882, section 2.) 

t For convenience of comparison with Mr. Elliott's table of 1855, the figures of this table are reduced 
to a scale of 10,000, while the diagram is made upon a scale of 100,000. 

J Fifty-fifth Report of Registrar General. Supplement, vol. 1, page xiv. Vol. 10, part 1, page 75. 

§ Sixteenth Registration Report, Massachusetts, 1857. 

II Bulletin de I'inetitut international de statistique. 

Note. — In consequence of corrections made after the construction of the diagram on page 819, the 
line for MasBachusetts survivors, 1893-97, should be placed one to two millimeters lower, after age 15. 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



23 




/oooo - 



24 STATE BOAED OF HEALTH. 

The preceding table and diagram present the numbers of survivors 
at each of several age periods in Sweden, England, Spain and Massa- 
chusetts (in the latter for the year 1855 and for the period of 1893-97) . 
Sweden is selected as a country having a very low death-rate, and 
also because it is occasionally selected as a standard of a healthy 
population. Spain, on the contrary, has a high death-rate, chiefly 
due to excessive mortality in the early years of life. 

In consequence of the close contiguity of the lines in the first five 
years of life, the figures for the first five years are given upon 
a separate diagram, in which the divisions representing the age 
periods are increased ten-fold. 

A brief review of the life tables of Massachusetts shows that quite 
marked changes have taken place from year to year in the life his- 
tory of the population. 

The earliest life table in existence pertaining to the population of 
Massachusetts is that of Edward Wigglesworth, D.D., of Harvard 
University, made from records of bills of mortality collected prior to 
1789.* The total number of deaths employed in the construction 
of this table was 4,893. 

Its defects consisted mainly in the limited numbers used for com- 
putation, in the crude method of recording the ages of the popula- 
tion by the first census (in five periods only, all under 10, 10-16, 
16-26, 26-45, and all over 45), and in the fact that the table w^as 
framed on the assumption of a stationary population. This table was 
for many years an authority in the courts of the Commonwealth. 

In 1855 a table for Massachusetts was published in the Sixteenth 
Registration Report (1857) by the eminent statistician, Mr. E. B. 
Elliott. This table is calculated from 16,086 deaths, which occurred 
in 166 towns of Massachusetts in the year 1855. f 

In the tenth census of the United States, Vol. 12, part 2, pp. 773- 
791, Dr. Billings publishes approximate life tables for the population 
of Massachusetts and other States, and for certain cities. Those of 
Massachusetts are for the white population of the State, and for the 
census year 1880, comprising 31,341 deaths, and also for the whole 
population of the State for the five years ended June 30, 1882, and 
comprising 171,639 deaths. 

* Published in the second volume of the " Transactions of the American Academy," 1793. 

t The calculation was limited to the returns of these 166 towns, since the system of registra- 
tion then in practice in the State was not believed to be " sufficiently complete to furnish data 
for a lile table for the whole State." These 166 towns constituted two-thirds of the population 
of the State in 1855 (Sixteenth Registration Report, Massachusetts, page 199). 



VITAL STATISTICS. 25 

The statement of Dr. Josiah Curtis in the Sixteenth Registration 
Report of Massachusetts (1857)* as to the value of life tables is 
worthy of note. He says : " There are weightier reasons for desir- 
ing correct information concerning the comparative mortality of our 
communities. The governing powers and enlightened statesmen are 
enabled better to discharge their high and responsible duties to the 
people by a correct knowledge of the physical powers, possessions 
and resources of the inhabitants. . . . The Christian philanthropist 
and sanitarian will be enabled to give some definiteness and efficiency 
to their labors, by a correct knowledge of where, and to what pur- 
pose, the laws which prevail over life and death teach them to direct 
their laudable efforts. The question here forcibly arises, Have the 
records of registration in Massachusetts, or in any considerable 
portion thereof, ever been sufficiently complete to enable any one 
to determine with reliable accuracy what law" or laws do prevail 
over the mortality of the inhabitants of the State, or such portions 
of it? We consider this question, and its answer, taken in their 
broader sense .and application, as the most important practical con- 
sideration connected with our system of registration, and it affords 
extreme gratification to be able to give an affirmative answer to the 
question. Aside from its intrinsic value, it is creditable to the State 
of Massachusetts, because it is the first instance where such data have 
been thus furnished and thus used in any considerable community on 
this continent. The great practical results in the variety of their 
applications of such laborious deductions will furnish, not only im- 
mediately, but for years to come, the government and intelligent 
statesmen as well as others, with the means of determining many 
social and political questions of high practical value hitherto un- 
determinable." 

* Page 197. 



26 



STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 



MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. 

Based on the Mortality of the Five Years, 1893-97. 

Table No. 1. — Males. 



X. 



Dying In 

Each Year 

of Age. 



Born and 

Surviving at 
Eacli Age. 



Population 

or Years of Life 

lived in Each 

Year of Age. 



Years of Life 
Lived in and 
above Each 
Year of Age. 



Q. 



Expectation 

of Ijife at 

Each Year of 

Age. 



I 

10, 
11, 
12| 
13 
14i 

15, 
16, 
17, 
18, 

19, 

20, 

21, 
22, 
23, 
24, 

25, 
26, 
2^ 
28, 
29, 

30, 
31, 
32, 
33, 
34, 

35, 
36, 
37, 
38, 
39, 

40, 
41, 
42, 
43, 
44, 

45, 
46, 
47, 
48, 



8.849 


51,350 


46,343 


2,264,048 


1,794 


42,501 


41,604 


2,217,705 


818 


40,707 


40,298 


2,176,101 


559 


39,889 


39,609 


2,1.35,803 


424 


39,330 


39,118 


2,096,194 


316 


38,906 


38,748 


2,057,076 


252 


38,590 


38,464 


2,018,328 


205 


38.338 


38,235 


1,979,864 


170 


38,133 


38,048 


1,941,629 


146 


37,963 


37,890 


1,903,581 


123 


37,817 


37,755 


1,865,691 


110 


37,694 


37,639 


1,S27,936 


104 


37,584 


37.532 


1,790,297 


ni 


37.480 


37,424 


1,7.52,765 


135 


37,369 


37,301 


1,715,341 


159 


37,234 


37,154 


1,678,040 


181 


37,075 


36,984 


1,640,886 


195 


3fi.8B4 


36,796 


1,603,902 


211 


36,699 


36,593 


1,667,106 


226 


30,488 


36,375 


1,530,513 


241 


36,262 


36,141 


1,494,138 


255 


36,021 


35,893 


1,457,997 


268 


35,766 


35,632 


1,422,104 


280 


35,498 


35,358 


1,386,472 


289 


35,218 


35,073 


1,351,114 


296 


34,929 


34,781 


1,316,041 


301 


34,633 


34,482 


1,281.260 


305 


34,332 


34,179 


1,246,778 


309 


34,027 


33,872 


1,212,599 


313 


33,718 


33,561 


1,178,727 


316 


33,405 


33,247 


1,145,166 


318 


33,089 


32,930 


1,111,919 


319 


32,771 


32,611 


1,07«,989 


319 


32,452 


32,292 


1,046,378 


320 


82,133 


31,973 


1,014,086 


322 


31,813 


31,652 


982,113 


325 


31,491 


31,328 


950,461 


328 


31,166 


31,002 


919,133 


331 


30,838 


30,672 


888,131 


334 


30,507 


30,340 


857,459 


337 


30,173 


30,004 


827,119 


341 


29,836 


29,665 


797,115 


346 


29,495 


29,322 


767,450 


352 


29,149 


28,973 


738,128 


359 


28,797 


28,617 


709,155 


368 


28,438 


28,254 


680,538 


379 


28,070 


27,880 


652.284 


393 


27,691 


27,494 


624,404 


410 


27,298 


27,093 


596,910 


429 


26,888 


26,673 


569,817 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



27 



MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. 

Based on the Mortality of the Five Yeaks, 1893-97. 

Table No, 1. — Males — Concluded. 



Age. 


Dying In 
Each Year 


Born and 
Surviving at 


Popiilation 
■>r Years of Life 
lived in Each 


Years of Life 

Lived in and 

above Each 


Expectation 

ot Life at 
Each Year of 




of Age. 


Each Age. 


Year of Age. 


Year of Age. 


Age. 


X. 


4. 


h. 


A. 


Q.. 


K. 


50 


448 


26,469 


26,235 


643,144 


20.63 


51 


466 


26,011 


25,778 


516,909 


19.87 


52' 


483 


25,545 


26,303 


491,131 


19.23 


53 


602 


25,062 


24,811 


465,828 


18.59 


5*, 


520 


24,560 


24,300 


441,017 


17.96 


55 


639 


24,040 


23,770 


416,717 


17.33 


56, 


561 


23,501 


23,220 


392,947 


16.72 


57 


585 


22,940 


22,647 


369,727 


16.12 


58 


608 


22,355 


22,051 


347,080 


15.63 


59, ..... . 


636 


21,747 


21,429 


326,029 


14.95 


60 


659 


21,111 


20,781 


303,600 


14.38 


61 


677 


20,452 


20,113 


282,819 


13.83 


62 


691 


19,775 


19,429 


262,706 


13.28 


63 


709 


19,084 


18,729 


243,277 


12.75 


6*; 


729 


18,375 


18,010 


224,548 


12.22 


65, 


748 


17,646 


17,272 


206,538 


11.70 


66, 


769 


16,898 


16,513 


189,266 


11.20 


67 


789- 


16,129 


15,734 


172,753 


10.71 


68, 


810 


15,340 


14,936 


157,019 


10.24 


69, ..... . 


827 


14,530 


14,116 


142,084 


9.78 


70 


840 


13,705 


13,283 


127,968 


9.34 


71' 


845 


12,863 


12,440 


114,685 


8.92 


72 


847 


12,018 


11,594 


102,245 


8.51 


73 ..... . 


842 


11,171 


10,750 


90,651 


8.11 


^< 


831 


10,329 


9,913 


79,901 


7.74 


75 


816 


9,498 


9,090 


69,988 


7.37 


76 


794 


8,682 


8,285 


60,898 


7,01 


77 ..... . 


769 


7,888 


7,503 


52,613 


6.67 


78 


741 


7,119 


6,748 


45,110 


6.34 


79; 


707 


6,378 


6,024 


38,362 


6.01 


80 


672 


5,671 


6,335 


32,338 


5.70 


81 ..... . 


632 


4,999 


4,683 


27,003 


5.40 


82 ..... . 


590 


4,367 


4,072 


22,320 


5.11 


83 ..... . 


546 


3,777 


3,504 


18,248 


4.83 


8*; 


499 


3,231 


2,981 


14,744 


4.66 


85, 


462 


2,732 


2,506 


11,763 


4.31 


86 


402 


2,280 


2,079 


9,257 


4.06 


87 


363 


1,878 


1,701 


7,178 


3.82 


88 


307 


1,525 


1,371 


5,477 


3.69 


89, 


263 


1,218 


1,086 


4,106 


3.37 


90, ..... . 


220 


955 


845 


3,020 


3.16 


91 


181 


735 


644 


2,175 


2.96 


92 ..... . 


146 


554 


481 


1,531 


2.76 


93 ..... . 


116 


408 


350 


1,050 


2.57 


94; ..... . 


88 


292 


248 


700 


2.40 


95 


66 


204 


171 


462 


2.22 




48 


138 


114 


281 


2.04 


97 


83 


90 


73 


167 


1.86 


98 


23 


67 


45 


94 


1.65 


99, 


15 


34 


26 


49 


1.44 


100 


9 


19 


14 


23 


1.21 



28 



STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 



MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. 

Based on the Mortality of the Five Years, 1893-97. 

Table No. 2. — Females. 



X. 



Dyiws in 

Each Year 

of Age. 



Rorn and 

Surviving at 

Each Age. 



Population 

or Years of Life 

lived in Kach 

Year of Age. 



P. 



Years of Life 

Lived in and 

al)ove Eacii 

Y'ear of Age. 



Q. 



7,151 

1,662 

763 

544 

385 

318 
250 
208 
170 
147 

129 
113 
113 
123 
146 

172 
195 
206 

218 
230 

241 
251 

255 
261 
265 

269 
274 
278 
282 
286 

290 
294 
297 
301 
302 

306 
308 
312 
315 
318 

320 
324 
326 
329 
332 

335 
346 
354 
367 
379 



48,650 
41,499 
39,837 
39,074 
38,530 

38,145 
37,827 
37,577 
37,371 
37,201 

37,054 
36,925 
36,812 
36,699 
36,576 

36,430 
36,258 
36,063 
35,857 
35,639 

35,409 
35,108 
34,917 
34,662 
34,401 

34,136 
33,867 
33,593 
33,315 
33,033 

32,747 
32,457 
32.163 
31,866 
31,565 

31,263 
30,957 
30,649 
30,337 
30,022 

29,704 
29,384 
29,060 
28,734 
28,405 

28,073 
27,738 
27,.392 
27,038 
26,671 



43,907 


2,267,469 


40,668 


2,223,562 


39,455 


2,182,894 


38,802 


2,143,439 


38,337 


2,104,637 


37,986 


2,066,300 


37,702 


2,028.314 


37,474 


1,990,612 


37,286 


1,953,138 


37,127 


1,915,852 


36.990 


1,878,725 


36,868 


1,841,735 


36,755 


1,804,867 


36,637 


1,768,112 


36,503 


1,731,475 


36,344 


1,691,972 


36,160 


1,6.58,623 


35,960 


1,622,468 


35,748 


1,5S6,.508 


35,524 


1,550,760 


35,283 


1,51.5,236 


35,042 


1,479,948 


34,790 


1,444,906 


S4,.53l 


1,410,116 


34,268 


1,375,585 


34,001 


1,341,317 


33,7.30 


1,307,316 


33,454 


1,273,586 


33,174 


1,240,132 


32,890 


1,206,958 


32,602 


1,174,068 


32,310 


1,141,466 


32,014 


1,109,156 


31,715 


1,077,142 


31,414 


1,045,427 


31,110 


1,014,013 


30,803 


982,903 


30,493 


952,100 


30,180 


921,607 


29,863 


891,427 


29,544 


861,564 


29,222 


832,020 


28,8y7 


802.798 


28,570 


773,901 


28,239 


745,331 


27,905 


717,092 


27,565 


689,187 


27,215 


661,622 


26,8.54 


634,407 


26,481 


607,553 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



29 



MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. 

Based on the Mortality of the Five Years, 1893-97. 

Table No. 2. — Ferkales — Concluded. 





Dying in 


Born and 


Population 
or Years of Life 


Years of Life 
Lived in and 


Expectation 
of Life at 


Age. 


Each Year 


Surviving at 


lived in Each 


above Each 


Each Year of 




of Age. 


Each Age. 


Year of Age. 


Year of Age. 


Age. 


X. 


4. 


L 


P.. 


Qr. 


K. 


50, 


395 


26,292 


26,094 


581,072 


22.10 


51 


410 


25,897 


25,692 


654,978 


21.43 


52 


423 


25,487 


25,275 


529,286 


20.77 


53 ..... . 


437 


26,064 


24,845 


504,011 


20.11 


54; ..... . 


457 


24,627 


24,398 


479,168 


19.46 


55, . . . . . . 


476 


24,170 


23,932 


454,768 


18. SI 


58 •■ . ... 


494 


23>694 


23,447 


430,836 


18.18 


57 


512 


23,200 


22,944 


407,389 


17.56 


58 


530 


22,688 


22,423 


384,445 


16.95 


59; 


650 


22,168 


21,883 


362,022 


16.34 


60 


572 


21,608 


21,322 


340,139 


16.74 


61 


688 


21,036 


20,742 


318,817 


15.16 


62 


606 


20,448 


20,145 


298,075 


14.58 


63, 


625 


19,842 


19,630 


277,930 


14.01 


6*1 


644 


19,217 


18,895 


258,400 


13.45 


65, ..... . 


665 


18,573 


18,240 


239,505 


12.90 


66 


689 


17,908 


17,563 


221,265 


12.36 


67 


715 


17,219 


16,861 


203,702 


11.83 


68 


743 


16,504 


16,132 


186,841 


11.32 


69; 


771 


16,761 


15,375 


170,709 


10.83 


70, 


793 


14,990 


14,693 


155,334 


10.38 


71 ..... . 


809 


14,197 


13,792 


140,741 


9.91 


72 


821 


13,388 


12,977 


126,949 


S.48 


73 


825 


12,667 


12,154 


113,972 


9.07 


J< 


824 


11,742 


11,330 


101,818 


8.67 


75, ..... . 


818 


10,918 


10,609 


90,488 


8.29 


76 ..... . 


806 


10,100 


9,697 


79,979 


7.92 


77 


790 


9,294 


8,899 


70,282 


7.56 


78 


768 


8,504 


8,120 


61,383 


7.22 


?9; 


742 


7,736 


7,365 


53,263 


6.89 


80, ..... . 


711 


6,994 


6,638 


45,898 


6.66 


81 ..... . 


678 


6,283 


5,944 


39,260 


6.25 


82 ..... . 


640 


6,605 


5,285 


33,318 


5.94 


83 


600 


4,965 


4,665 


28,031 


5.65 


8*; 


569 


4,365 


4,085 


23,366 


5.35 


85, 


518 


3,806 


3,547 


19,281 


5.07 


86 


476 


3,288 


3,050 


16,734 


4.79 


87. ..... . 


434 


2,812 


2,595 


12,684 


4.61 


88 


393 


2,378 


2,181 


10,089 


4.33 


89, 


351 


1,985 


1,810 


7,908 


3.98 


90, 


310 


1,634 


1,479 


6,098 


3.73 


91 


270 


1,324 


1,189 


4,619 


3.49 


92' ..... . 


232 


1,064 


938 


3,430 


3.25 


93 


194 


822 


725 


2,492 


3.03 


9*; 


160 


628 


648 


1,767 


2.81 


95 


129 


468 


403 


1,219 


2.60 


96 


100 


339 


289 


816 


2.41 


97 


77 


239 


200 


527 


2.20 


§S; : : : : ; : 


56 


162 


134 


327 


2.02 , 


40 


107 


87 


193 


1.80 


100, 


27 


67 


63 


106 


1.58 



30 



STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 



MASSACHUSETTS LIFE TABLE. 

Based on the Mortality of the Five Years, 1893-97. 

Table No. 3. 





■mx. 


Px. 


Age. 


m^. 


P.. 


Age. 


ANNUAL JMORTALITT 


Probabilitt of 


Annual Mortality 


Phobability of 


PER UNIT AT Each 


LIVING One Year 




per unit at Each 


living 


vE Year 




Year of Age. 


FROM Each Age. 


X. 


Year of Age. 


FROM Each Aqk. 


X. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


0, . . 

1 


.19095 


.16287 


.82569 


.84939 


50, . . 


.01708 


.01514 


.98307 


.98488 


.04313 


.04087 


.95778 


.95995 


51 . . 


.01S08 


.01596 


.98208 


.98417 


1 ■ • • 

1; : : 

4, . . 


.02030 


.01933 


.97990 


.98085 


52; . . 


.01909 


.01674 


.98109 


.98340 


.01411 


.01403 


.98599 


.98607 


53, . . 


.02023 


.01759 


.97997 


.98266 


.01084 


.01004 


.98922 


.99001 


54; . . 


.02140 


.01873 


.97888 


.98144 


5, . . 

6, . . 

7, . . 

8, . • 

9, . . 


.00815 


.00835 


.99188 


.99168 


55, . . 


.02268 


.01989 


.97758 


.98031 


.00655 


.00663 


.99347 


.99339 


56, . . 


.02416 


.02107 


.97613 


.97915 


.00536 


.00550 


.99464 


.99452 


57 . . 


.02583 


.02231 


.97450 


.97793 


.00447 


.00456 


.99556 


.99646 


58, ■ . 


.02757 


.02364 


.97280 


.97664 


.00386 


.00396 


.99616 


.99606 


59, . . 


.02968 


.02513 


.97075 


.97518 


10. . . 

11, . • 
12 . . 

13, . . 

14, . . 


.00326 


.00349 


.99675 


.99652 


60, . . 


.03171 


.02683 


,96878 


.97353 


.00292 


.00306 


.99709 


.99695 


61 . . 


.03366 


.02835 


.96689 


.97205 


.00277 


.00307 


.99722 


.99693 


62 . . 


.03557 


.03008 


.96505 


.97037 


.00297 


.00336 


.99703 


.99665 


63, ■ . 


.03786 


.03200 


.96285 


.96850 


.00362 


.00400 


.99640 


.99601 


64; . . 


.04048 


.03408 


.96032 


.96648 


15, . . 
16 . . 

17, . 

18, . . 

19, . . 


.00428 


.00473 


.99573 


.99528 


65, . . 


.04331 


.03646 


.95761 


.96419 


.00489 


.00539 


.99511 


.99464 


66, . . 


.04657 


.03923 


.95449 


.96152 


.00530 


.00573 


.99471 


.99429 


67 . . 


.05015 


.04241 


.96107 


.95848 


.00577 


.00610 


.99426 


.99392 


68, . . 


.05424 


.04606 


.94719 


.95498 


.00621 


.00647 


.99381 


.99356 


69, . . 


.05859 


.05015 


.94307 


.95108 


20, . . 

21, . . 

22, . . 

23, . . 

2*; . . 


.00667 


.00683 


.99335 


.99320 


70, . . 


.06324 


.05434 


.93869 


.94710 


.00710 


.00716 


.99292 


.99286 


71 . . 


.06793 


.05866 


.93430 


.94301 


.00752 


.00733 


.99251 


.99268 


72, . . 


.07306 


.06327 


.92951 


.93867 


.00792 


.00756 


.99212 


.99249 


73 . . 


.07833 


.06788 


.92462 


.93435 


.00824 


.00773 


.99179 


.99230 


74; . . 


.08383 


.07273 


.91964 


.92983 


25, . . 

26, . . 

27, . . 

28, . . 

29, . . 


.00851 


.00791 


.99153 


.99212 


75, . . 


.08977 


.07784 


.91409 


.92508 


.00873 


.00812 


.99131 


.99192 


76 . . 


.09584 


.08312 


.90854 


.92020 


.00892 


.00831 


.99112 


.99170 


77 . . 


. 10249 


.08877 


.90261 


.91500 


.00912 


.00850 


.99092 


.99154 


78 . . 


.10981 


.09458 


.89591 


.90969 


.00933 


.00870 


.99072 


.99134 


79; . . 


.11736 


.10075 


.88915 


.90408 


30, . . 
31 . . 

32, . . 

33, . . 
34; . . 


.00950 


.00890 


.99054 


.99114 


80, . . 


.12596 


.10711 


.88150 


.89834 


.00966 


.00910 


.99039 


.99094 


81 . . 


.13496 


.11406 


.87357 


.89209 


.00978 


.00928 


.99026 


.99077 


82 . . 


.14489 


.12110 


.86490 


.88581 


.00988 


.00949 


.99017 


.99055 


83, • . 


.15582 


.12862 


.85544 


.87915 


.01001 


.00961 


.99004 


.99043 


84; . . 


.16739 


.13684 


.84554 


.87192 


35, . • 
36 . . 

37, . . 

38, • . 
39; . . 


.01017 


.00984 


.98988 


.99021 


85, . 


.18037 


.14604 


.8.3455 


.86390 


.01037 


.01000 


.98968 


.99006 


86 . 


.19336 


.15607 


.82369 


.85523 


.01058 


.01023 


.98948 


.98982 


87 . . 


.20752 


.16724 


.81199 


.84667 


.01079 


.01044 


.98927 


.98962 


88, . 


.22392 


.18019 


.79863 


.83470 


.01101 


.01063 


.98905 


.98942 


89, . ■ 


.24217 


,19392 


.78399 


.82322 


40, . . 

41, . . 
42; . . 

43, . . 

44, . . 


.01123 


.01083 


.98881 


.98923 


90, . • 


.26036 


.20960 


.76963 


.81028 


.01150 


.01109 


.98857 


.98897 


91 . . 


.28106 


.22708 


,75357 


.79607 


.01180 


.01128 


.98827 


.98878 


92 . . 


.30353 


.24733 


.73617 


.77989 


.01215 


,01152 


.98792 


.98855 


93, • 


.83143 


.26759 


.71569 


.76399 


.01255 


.01176 


.98753 


.98831 


94; . . 


.35484 


.29197 


.69663 


.74522 


45, . . 
46 . . 
47, . . 
48 . . 
49, . . 


.01302 


.01200 


.98706 


.98802 


95, . . 


.38596 


.32010 


.67647 


.72406 


.01359 


.01255 


.98650 


.98753 


96 . . 


.42105 


.34602 


.65218 


.70502 


.01430 


.01301 


.98581 


.98708 


97 . . 


.45206 


.38500 


.63128 


.67715 


.01513 


.01367 


.98498 


.9864:^ 


98 . • 


.51111 


.41045 


.59292 


.65944 


.01608 


.01431 


.98404 


.98679 


99; . . 


.67692 


.45977 


.56224 


.62617 












100, • . 


.64286 


.50943 


.51361 


.69399 



VITAL STATISTICS. 



31 



The following table presents the mean annual death-rates at each 
of thirteen periods or groups of years, beginning with birth, for the 
five years ( 1893-97) . To these are added as a matter of convenience 
the death-rates at certain other groups (1-4, 0-9, etc.). 



Table l^o. 4. 
Mean Annual Death-rates at Certain Periods of Life. 





Persons. 


Males. 


Females. 


Age Periods. 


Persons. 


Males. 


Females. 


Age Teriods. 


Death-rate 
at Each 
Period. 


Death-rate 
at Each 
Period. 


Death-rate 
at Each 
Period. 


Death-rate 
at Each 
Period. 


Death-rate 
at Each 
Period. 


Death-rate 
at Each 
Period. 


0-4, . 


56.23 


60.12 


52.22 


45-54, . 


15.78 


16.67 


14.88 


5-9, . 


5.76 


5.69 


5.82 


55-64, . 


28.18 


30.42 


26.00 


10-14, . 


3.25 


3.11 


3.40 


65-74, . 


55.34 


59.67 


51.37 


15-19, . 


5.48 


5.29 


5.68 


75-84, . 


107.22 


116.20 


99.88 


20-24, . 


7.40 


7.48 


7.32 


85-94, . 


199.71 


223.50 


184.81 


25-34, . 


9.06 


9.33 


8.78 


95-f 


384.43 


429.20 


367.07 


35-44, . 


10.97 


11.19 


10.74 











Additional Groups or Periods. 



1-4, . 


21.86 


22.38 


21.33 


1-19, . 


8.61 


8.62 


8.60 


0-9, . 


31.93 


33.97 


29.83 


20-59, . •. 


12.24 


12.73 


11.74 


1-9, . 


13.10 


13.31 


12.89 


60 and over, 


66.29 


69.50 


63.42 


0-14, . 


22.73 


24.09 


21.35 











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